Application Metrology on the Line: Weld, Bolt and Fit Stations
What an in-line sensor must actually resolve at a weld, bolting or fit station, and the error sources that dominate before part tolerance does.
- Tolerance band to resolve
- 0.20 mm
- Allowable share of band used by the sensor
- 10 percent
- Working distance available
- 180 mm
Application CIP and SIP: What the Sensor Survives and Proves
How instrumentation behaves inside a clean-in-place circuit: the chemistry it sees, the failure modes it causes, and how cleanability is verified.
- Caustic wash step
- hot, 1 to 3 percent
- Acid passivation step
- cold to warm, dilute
- Intermediate rinse
- conductivity-limited
Application Instrumentation in a Water Treatment Train
How sensors behave in a real treatment plant: coagulant and DO loops, sample points that lie, biofilm, dry-out and the maintenance plan that decides it all.
- Turbidity window
- biofilm and scaling
- pH glass
- junction clogging and dehydration
- Redox electrode
- surface poisoning, needs abrasion