• Comparison

  4-20 mA vs Modbus RTU for instrument signals

  Analog loop or serial bus: wiring, distance, diagnostics and how a fault presents on each. The deciding factors side by side, per installation case.

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• Comparison

  Flush diaphragm vs embedded probe: cleanability

  Mounting decides cleanability. Where a crevice can dry or hold biofilm the flush face wins; where range and cost dominate the probe may still fit.

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• Comparison

  Laser triangulation vs time of flight: how to choose

  Ranging principle decides resolution, working distance and spot size. Where each technique wins, and the standoff at which triangulation stops being viable.

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• Comparison

  Turbidity: 90-degree scatter vs transmission

  Two optical principles, two concentration bands. Which holds resolution at low NTU, which survives high solids, and where both lose linearity.

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